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Norfolk Island's Reef

Discover a fragile paradise – Norfolk Island's beaches, lagoons and coral reef
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Out on A Swim

‘Out on a swim’ is a coral reef blog that tells the stories of the characters who live under the waves and what has caught my eye when ‘out on a swim’ in the lagoons of Norfolk Island. It is also a record of the difficulties Norfolk Island’s reef faces, like many others around the world, as a result of the poor water quality that has been allowed to flow onto it.

This page shows the most recent blog posts. For the complete catalogue, visit the ‘Out on a swim index’ page.

This blog is rated in the Top 20 Coral Reef Blogs in the world.

Is this coral endemic to Norfolk Island?

Enormous surf, squally winds and poor viz!

June 1, 2021

On the 26 May, we witnessed a clear sky and a lunar eclipse. For a few days before this event, we’d had cool blustery winds from the south and southwest. But the day following it became calm and settled, so much so even my weather app decided winds of less than 1 km an hour should be expressed as ‘calm’!

The weather on 27 May 2021

The following day, the weather quickly turned again, and the remainder of this week has seen enormous surf, squally winds and poor visibility in the water. In fact, just about zero viz!

Today is the first day of winter, with cool winds blowing straight up from Antarctica. Many readers will laugh, but for a sub-tropical island, we are really feeling the wind chill at the moment. In a conversation I had with a fellow swimmer this morning, we agreed that if you just keep swimming, you don’t even notice it getting cooler. It really is a case of mind over matter. When it gets a little cold in the water, or rather when I get out, I always remind myself that there are reef fish in there, and they don’t like cold water! Like the beautiful Three-striped butterflyfish, Chaetodon tricinctus, drawn by @narwee_sketch for us this week.

Despite the conditions, I only missed swimming on one day, and I still managed to see a few beautiful things during the week. I always love to capture a photo of the green moon wrasse, Thalassoma lutescens. This one is giving me a quizzical sideways glance! And I was lucky enough to witness an initial phase surge wrasse, Thalassoma purpureum, eating a crab lunch.

Another exciting observation this week was the turtle. It always feels such a privilege to come around a corner and face to face with one of these amazing creatures.

View fullsize Surge wrasse - Thalassoma purpureum
Surge wrasse - Thalassoma purpureum
View fullsize Green moon wrasse - Thalassoma lutescens
Green moon wrasse - Thalassoma lutescens
View fullsize Green sea turtle - Chelonia mydas
Green sea turtle - Chelonia mydas
View fullsize Tonna melanostoma
Tonna melanostoma

Professor Andrew Baird, a researcher from James Cook University contacted me this week about my images of corals on this website (check them out here). So he could have a better look, I uploaded around 350 of them to a Dropbox folder. He has kindly gone through them, giving me IDs on many, and asking for some further images on a few he thinks maybe rare or endemic to Norfolk Island.

This is incredibly exciting. Andrew and a colleague plan to visit in August to have a look for themselves.

And, saving the most exciting news til last, and a little delayed as I have been waiting on confirming an ID: on 10 May I photographed a tun shell in the bay and uploaded the images to iNaturalist. Many regular swimmers will see these from time to time in the deeper areas of our bays, although sightings are definitely becoming rarer. Tuns are a large species of sea snail, or mollusc. This particular tun was quickly identified as being Tonna melanastoma. This truly is an amazing observation. There have been very few specimens identified over the last century, often trawled up from depths of 300 m. Apparently, this is the only photograph of a live mollusc in the public domain.

Since then, I have co-authored a paper with Chris Vos, a Belgian conchologist with some 45 years’ experience in the field. It is going to be published in August in a journal in Europe. I’ll definitely keep you posted on this one!

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Featured
What Norfolk Island’s reef tells us about environmental blind spots
Apr 5, 2026
What Norfolk Island’s reef tells us about environmental blind spots
Apr 5, 2026

The Kingston dredging proposal on Norfolk Island raises a bigger question than dredging alone: how well do standard environmental assessment tools capture the real significance of a remote and unusual reef system like Norfolk Island’s?

Apr 5, 2026
Hammer coral time!
Mar 30, 2026
Hammer coral time!
Mar 30, 2026

Hammer corals have unique tentacles that are large, fleshy, and tubular; these terminate in a ‘T’-shaped, hammer-head or anchor. Beneath all these softly waving tentacles is an extraordinary skeleton structure, which helps define them as a large polyp stony coral.

Mar 30, 2026
Norfolk Island’s fishes: drifters, residents and the ones still missing
Mar 24, 2026
Norfolk Island’s fishes: drifters, residents and the ones still missing
Mar 24, 2026

Norfolk Island’s fish fauna reflects both connection and isolation. Some species may arrive from elsewhere as drifting larvae, some populations appear to persist locally, and some fishes known from islands on either side of Norfolk have still not been recorded here. This post looks at what old survey work, regional checklists and genetic studies suggest about that more complicated picture.

Mar 24, 2026
18 Jun 2025 (20)_crop.jpg
Mar 7, 2026
Alveopora or flowerpot coral – how to tell the difference
Mar 7, 2026

They look alike at first glance, but Alveopora and flowerpot corals are not the same. The easiest way to tell them apart is to count the tentacles.

Mar 7, 2026
Norfolk’s lagoonal reef – the 2025 report, in plain English
Feb 27, 2026
Norfolk’s lagoonal reef – the 2025 report, in plain English
Feb 27, 2026

We now have the 2025 Norfolk Island reef health report, so I’m taking the opportunity to translate it into plain English here. Sadly, it’s more of the same story in Emily and Slaughter Bays – a reef that can cope with some stress, but is being asked to cope with too much, too often.

Feb 27, 2026
Halimeda’s night shift – why this reef algae changes colour
Feb 20, 2026
Halimeda’s night shift – why this reef algae changes colour
Feb 20, 2026

Halimeda is a calcareous green reef alga that forms new segments overnight, shifts from white to bright green by dawn, then pales again as calcification begins. A quick look at one of the reef’s smartest algae.

Feb 20, 2026
Reef real estate – a bubble-tip’s six-year stand-off
Jan 11, 2026
Reef real estate – a bubble-tip’s six-year stand-off
Jan 11, 2026

Reef space is finite, and nothing ‘shares’ it politely. This short photo essay follows one bubble-tip anemone on Norfolk Island’s lagoonal reef as it holds a crater surrounded by Montipora. The coral builds a rim; the anemone holds the centre. Six years apart, and the argument continues.

Jan 11, 2026
A year in review – 2025 on Norfolk Island's reef
Dec 28, 2025
A year in review – 2025 on Norfolk Island's reef
Dec 28, 2025

Norfolk Island’s reef in 2025 – a year in review. From NOAA bleaching alerts and the UN Ocean Conference ‘Warning Signs’ series to post-drought coral recovery and a wet winter revealed in long-term rainfall records, this post captures the wins, losses, and shifting baselines beneath the lagoon. Includes reef photos, highlights from Reef Relief, and standout stories from 2025 – from coral health and disease to boxfish biomimicry, sea urchins, nudibranchs, and heat-stress signals in anemones.

Dec 28, 2025
Herbicides, heritage, and an inshore reef: what happens when land management meets lagoon health
Dec 15, 2025
Herbicides, heritage, and an inshore reef: what happens when land management meets lagoon health
Dec 15, 2025

Herbicide use near Emily, Slaughter and Cemetery Bays raises questions about inshore reef health, heritage land management, and environmental protection on Norfolk Island.

Dec 15, 2025
Signs of bleaching – 8 December 2025
Dec 8, 2025
Signs of bleaching – 8 December 2025
Dec 8, 2025

I took these photographs this morning, Monday, 8 December 2025. A few warm days of settled weather, little cloud cover and low tides in the hottest part of the day have led to some early bleaching on our reef. Bleaching doesn’t always mean death for our corals, but it is concerning to have this so early in the summer season. Fingers crossed the conditions don’t last and the reef can recover.

Dec 8, 2025

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